Resistência de plantas daninhas

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# Resistência de plantas daninhas
### Anunciato, V.M.
### 2020/10/14 (updated: 2020-10-22)

---

# Vitor Muller Anunciato

🎓 Doutorando pela [FCA/UNESP](https://www.fca.unesp.br/) - Botucatu, BR.
  + (Sanduiche [University of Nebraska Lincoln](https://pat.unl.edu/), EUA).
  
🎓 Mestrado pela [FCA/UNESP](https://www.fca.unesp.br/) - Botucatu, BR.

🎓 Graduacao pela [UEL](http://portal.uel.br/home/) - Londrina, BR.
  + (Sanduiche [ENGEES](https://engees.unistra.fr/), Strasbourg, FR).

🔪 [Serial Weed Killer](https://serialweedkiller.netlify.app/)
  + (site de divulgacao agro-cientifica)
  
🎧 [PapoAgro podcast](https://www.papoagro.com.br/) (@papoagropodcast)
---
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# O que é resistência de plantas a herbicidas?

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# Plantas daninhas resistentes
A resistência a herbicidas é a capacidade de uma planta para **sobreviver** e se **reproduzir** após a exposição a uma **dose anteriormente letal** de um herbicida.

Yuan et al, 2007.
<center>
![](https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/tumblr_nbpotrjgO11qi4ibzo1_500.gif?raw=true)

---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/doseresponse.png?raw=true" width=800 height=600>
</div>

Anunciato, 2017.

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# Mecanismos comuns de resistência das plantas daninhas a herbicidas

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**Translocação diferencial** os biótipos **resistentes** apresentam lenta translocação do(s) herbicida(s) aplicados, não sendo raro os casos onde o herbicida fica **"confinado" ao local de contato**, não se redistribuindo na planta e **não atingindo tecidos de interesse para o controle da planta**.

Feng et al, 2004.

---
## Translocação diferencial

.pull-left[![](https://media.giphy.com/media/WJfXll2zKkK08AsLNH/giphy.gif)]
.pull-rigth[![](https://media.giphy.com/media/LpeYGQ9Cj0jjra3wTi/giphy.gif)]
.pull-left[**Susceptível**]
.pull-left[**Resistente**]

Adaptado de De Carvalho et al, 2012.

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# Rápida necrose

É um tipo de resistência onde a planta **"sacrifica"** os tecidos **atingidos** pelo herbicida, evitando que o mesmo **translouque** para o resto da planta, principalmente os meristemas.

<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/rpnb.png?raw=true" width=700 height=400>
</div>
Albrech, 2020.

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# Rápida necrose
<center>
![](https://media.giphy.com/media/jKxbaLhu9SAU9z6lyP/giphy.gif)

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# Desintoxicação ou metabolização

Capacidade que as plantas resistentes possuem de **inativar ou transformar** o herbicida em uma forma **menos tóxica** a planta.

<center>
![](https://media.giphy.com/media/X7hOV8HGBtx64mdcR6/giphy.gif)
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## Desintoxicação ou metabolização
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/detx.jpeg?raw=true" width=700 height=400>
</div>

De Carvalho et al, 2012.
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# Como a surge a resistência?

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## Pressão de seleção
É qualquer conjunto de fatores (ex: aplicacao de um determiando herbicida) que origina o favorecimento de determinados **genes** em relação a outros em determinada **população**.

---
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# Aonde erramos? 
Se você só conhece o martelo todo problema é um prego.

<center>
![hammer](https://media.giphy.com/media/3mJEekHXkjSCnWGTym/giphy.gif)

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## Sequestro no vacúolo

A planta **transporta** e **apreende o herbicida no vacúolo**, no vacúolo o herbicida é degradado e o herbicida é inativado e não ocorre o **controle da planta daninha não ocorre**.

.pull-left[![](https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/sequestro.png?raw=true)]

.pull-rigth[![](https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/vacuolo.png?raw=true)]

GE et al, 2012.
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/rapidvacuole.png?raw=true" width=600 height=600>
</div>

d'Avignon, D. André, and Xia Ge, 2018.

---
## Amplificação gênica

É a **expansão no número de cópias** de um gene em um genoma celular. Ocorre por erro na replicação do DNA genômico, resulta da **replicação redundante** de uma mesma sequência de DNA.
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/dna.gif?raw=true" width=450 height=450>
</div>

---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/genecopies.png?raw=true" width=700 height=600>
</div>

Gaines et al, 2010.
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## Modificação no sitio de ação

Consiste na **alteração do sitio de ação**, normalmente essa alteração ocorre pela troca de um aminoácido componente da enzima, isso faz com que o **herbicida não consiga mais se ligar a enzima alvo e impedir a ação da mesma**.

<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/lockkey.gif?raw=true" width=450 height=450>
</div>
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/genemutate.jpg?raw=true" width=800 height=500>
</div>
Yu, Qin, et al. 2015.
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/genemutate2.jpg?raw=true" width=800 height=500>
</div>
Yu, Qin, et al. 2015.
---
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# Manejo de plantas resistentes

---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/herbicidelist.png?raw=true" width=1000 height=600>
</div>
---
#### Regra de ouro: "Não perca o ponto de controle"
<div id="htmlwidget-a7218c88bdd01b0599ce" style="width:792px;height:576px;" class="plotly html-widget"></div>
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---
## 2 folhas

---
### >5 folhas
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/ahybridus5.jpg?raw=true" width=800 height=500>
</div>
---
### >10 folhas
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/ahybridus10.jpg?raw=true" width=800 height=500>
</div>

---
### planta adulta
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/amaranthusresult.jpeg?raw=true" width=800 height=500>
</div>

---
# Perdeu o timing de aplicação?
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/shit.gif?raw=true" width=500 height=500>
</div>
---

<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/buva_altura1.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>
</div>
Blainski et al, 2009.
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/buva_altura2.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>
</div>
Blainski et al, 2009.
---
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# Manejo outonal

---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/manejo_outonal1.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>

Antonio M.O. Neto, 2011.
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/manejo_outonal2.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>

[ADAMA](https://www.adama.com/brasil/pt/espaco-do-agricultor/pre-emergentes-em-soja)
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/pre2.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>

[ADAMA](https://www.adama.com/brasil/pt/espaco-do-agricultor/pre-emergentes-em-soja)
---
### Manejo em pos 
<div align="center">
<img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9feGzWsexd1OE3Ukv2TystQGsvG61nrqzF0vQQTfDgkUKp0SXOa1xLx7lK676AIegI3oinPg6NuMfxeLA_VC2mb9IymElEX37tqcpc9S_ubYVP5EX3_HnskYaIXX6UVw_Z2hhZBitXC34-FMqmVIJuzQsosTKU0LHwCshgZV7LySbPnlDpv2dJdKRYhpZePl0v0qR1JnNX5jTvwVYN5vI4bASk-aAFA4lMk4QJM4qt8XwZbKJeM4LKOpTQuh7ZyfPP_ydz9rjmJBDJQAut5D62vGA9GM4IK2s6E8NfTaQaybP2rjoHwqBSS4TxJ5TuHqLawBd3CVosajpww23E0UrQYcNtwOulYA3d5hBXm9oPi4RNJMY2AqUGUfYsPT4bTmKZPTce7uK55mxoPp1onaxYg7FlkKo1tx9uhtV-aOQAjLHduVtfEinwREumRCgYiFzbt-s_siKiTjx3fYMeg-JrgAZls2IQ8emYcr7AOdmPQbPttptFIHkQfHglkXHObfbo8jyP4ZFaVo9WKAZkCACthad4L3P51tJNH2D_haLNud7Js2XWW7MrptkTn1_kMP9polOCk1pQsvaCH85MnsNPrEHF3KZhUC9wJk-3kPoJ8YOhDisda1fz_zvyi_nO8Z5UJF8-sA0NtjBse5IQckQqdra1gvH1Z68dA4YkO0t89fsCRFz5a8AmcikCx8GU8=w1605-h903-no?authuser=0" width=800 height= 450>

Anunciato, 2017
---
## 3 a 4 perfilhos
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/3a4perfilhos.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 500>
Grigolli, 2019.
---
## 8 perfilhos
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/8perfilhos.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 500>
Grigolli, 2019.
---
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# Estratégias para reduzir a dependência dos herbicidas

---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/cobertura2.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/cobertura.png?raw=true" width=500 height= 550>

Rizzardi e Silva, 2014.
---
<div align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/vitoranunciato/weedresistBR/blob/main/docs/resistenceofweeds_files/figure-html/selection_of_weeds/rotacao.png?raw=true" width=800 height= 550>

Davis et al, 2012.
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# Muito obrigado!!

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# Referências
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Heap, I.  [The International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database](www.weedscience.org).  Online.  Wednesday, October 14, 2020.

Alcántara-de la Cruz, Ricardo, Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira, and Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho. ["Herbicide Resistance in Brazil: Status, Impacts, and Future Challenges."](https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/herbicide-resistance-in-brazil-status-impacts-and-future-challenges) Herbicides-Current Research and Case Studies in Use. IntechOpen, 2020.

DE CARVALHO, Leonardo Bianco et al. [Pool of resistance mechanisms to glyphosate in Digitaria insularis.](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf204089d) Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, v. 60, n. 2, p. 615-622, 2012.

Feng, Paul CC, et al. ["Investigations into glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis): retention, uptake, translocation, and metabolism."](https://bioone.org/journals/weed-science/volume-52/issue-4/WS-03-137R/Investigations-into-glyphosate-resistant-horseweed-Conyza-canadensis--retention-uptake/10.1614/WS-03-137R.full) Weed Science 52.4 (2004): 498-505.

Yuan, Joshua S., Patrick J. Tranel, and C. Neal Stewart Jr. ["Non-target-site herbicide resistance: a family business."](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138506003098) Trends in plant science 12.1 (2007): 6-13.

d'Avignon, D. André, and Xia Ge. ["In vivo NMR investigations of glyphosate influences on plant metabolism."](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090780718300910) Journal of Magnetic Resonance 292 (2018): 59-72.

GE, Xia et al. [Vacuolar glyphosate-sequestration correlates with glyphosate resistance in ryegrass (Lolium spp.) from Australia, South America, and Europe: a 31P NMR investigation.](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf203472s?casa_token=j-v2MPQQlS8AAAAA:HOtW59U6HXhvWLzbF2waQeNvv9AbWBOwjZhzouyAABsXWUEQhWRcLwU6bQPuk85MD_0RW2ExOoWJ_3yzSQ)Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, v. 60, n. 5, p. 1243-1250, 2012.

---

GAINES, Todd A. et al. [Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri.](https://www.pnas.org/content/107/3/1029) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 107, n. 3, p. 1029-1034, 2010.

Yu, Qin, et al. ["Evolution of a double amino acid substitution in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in Eleusine indica conferring high-level glyphosate resistance."](http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/167/4/1440#def-4) Plant physiology 167.4 (2015): 1440-1447.

BLAINSKI, E.; CONSTANTIN, J.; OLIVEIRA JR, R.S.; BIFFE, D.F.; RAIMONDI, M.A.; BUCKER, E.G.; GHENO, E. [Eficácia de alternativas herbicidas para o controle de buva (Conyza bonariensis).](http://omnipax.com.br/livros/2013/BFRM/bfrm-livro.pdf) In: Resumos do 5º Congresso Brasileiro de Soja. Goiânia, GO: Funep, p.54, 2009.

Davis, Adam S., et al. ["Increasing cropping system diversity balances productivity, profitability and environmental health."](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047149) PloS one 7.10 (2012): e47149.